Why Did Hitler Rise to Power in 1933 - 1591 Words

Why did Hitler rise to power in 1933? When The First World War finally ended on November 11 1918; Germany was â€Å"crowned† the losers. It was a devious time and everyone was depressed which enabled some extremist’s parties to gain support from the citizens of Germany. One of parties was the Nazis with their leader Hitler. Hitlers rise to power cannot be attributed to one event, but a mixture of factors including events happening outside Germany, the strengths of the Nazi party, and the weaknesses of other parties within Germany. Hitler used these factors to his advantage and in 1933 he legitimately gained power to become chancellor. When the Germans heard about the Treaty of Versailles, they felt ‘pain and anger’. They felt it was unfair.†¦show more content†¦Hitler hoped to copy his example. He launched the Munich Beer Hall Putsch (revolt). The Putsch grew out of Hitlers attempt to exploit the crisis of 1923. On the night of 8 Nov 1923 he took over the Beer Hall and forced the leaders to promise to support him. A triumphal march into Munich was planned on 9 Nov, but the police easily dispersed the Nazis. Although the Putsch failed, it - and the trial that followed - turned Hitler into a national hero, and laid the foundation of his future success. He was sent to ‘prison’ for 9 months and while he was there he wrote the best seller ‘Mein Kampf’ (My Struggle). While this was happening the Weimar Republic tried to fix the economy. The mark was replaced with the Rentenmark which was backed with American gold. In 1924, the Dawes Plan was announced. This plan, created by Charles Dawes, an American, set realistic targets for German reparation payments. For example, in 1924, the figure was set at  £50 million as opposed to the  £2 billion of 1922. The American government also loaned Germany $200 million. This one action stabilised Weimar Germany and over the next five years, 25 million gold marks was invested in Germany. The economy quickly got back to strength, new factories were built, employment returned and things appeared to be returning to normal. Stresemann gave GermanyShow MoreRelatedReasons Why Nazis Came to Power in 19331712 Words   |  7 PagesReasons Why Nazis Came to Power in 1933 There are several factors that enabled the Nazi party, with Hitler as its leader, was able to come to power in Germany in 1933. There are 5 main reasons involved history, economics, politics and the personality of Hitler. The main political events occurred in 1923 and 1933. The Treaty of Versailles was one of the most important causes that led to Hitlers rise in Germany. From the German point of view the treaty was incrediblyRead More Hitlers Rise To Power Essay1709 Words   |  7 PagesHitlers Rise To Power The Antichrist is†¦a man with white skin, in everyday clothes, dangerously contemporary, and a mighty demagogue†¦The great Russian philosopher Soloviev described him. The Antichrist ‘does not look like he is,’ and therein precisely lies the danger. He is a young man with a strong personality and seductive power of speech and writing†¦He will win fame first by book†¦then, in Berlin, he will be come ruler of the ‘United States of Europe;’ he will conquer Asia; America will submitRead MoreThe Effect of the Great Depression on Hitlers Power Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effect of the Great Depression on Hitlers Power There is no simple answer as to why Hitler became chancellor in January 1933. There are a number of causal factors which all contributed to his rise into power. Any of the factors, on its own, however, would not have resulted in his appointment. They are all linked in a web of causation and if any of the factors were missing, Hitler would not have been appointed chancellor. Of the factors I would say that the GreatRead MoreHitlers Rise To Power Essay example1577 Words   |  7 PagesHitlers Rise To Power The reason I have chosen is The Treaty of Versailles. I have chosen this reason because I feel that it played a major part in Hitlers rise to power. I feel there are a number of factors why this helped Hitlers rise to power. The Treaty of Versailles One of the factors of the Treaty of Versailles that helped Hitlers rise to power was the War Guilt clause. This helped Hitler because many Germans resented this clause and he could useRead MoreHow Did Hitler Become Chancellor in 1933?1659 Words   |  7 PagesHow did Hitler become Chancellor in 1933? Many events took place, leading to the rise of Hitler and his Nazi party. There was the growing unpopularity of the Weimar Republic, the federal republic established in 1919. At the same time, Hitler and his political party, the ‘Deutsche Arbeiterpartei’, commonly referred to as the Nazis (National Socialist German Workers’ Party) became more and more popular under the rule of their leader, Adolf Hitler. This rise to popularity was the effect of Hitler’sRead MoreThe Holocaust was a very hateful time for the Jews. Adolf Hitler was known as the Der Fà ¼hrer (The600 Words   |  3 PagesHolocaust was a very hateful time for the Jews. Adolf Hitler was known as the Der Fà ¼hrer (The Leader). Adolf Hitler was the main reason for The Holocaust. Hitler had control over Germany from 1933-1945. Hitler had a very hateful feeling for the Jews. This is how The Holocaust came to be. How Hitler Came to Power Adolf Hitler’s rise to power In Germany was nothing less than astounding. Hitler first came in to power on January 20, 1933, after he was awarded with the Iron Cross First ClassRead MoreEssay about National Socialism: The Loss of Individuality800 Words   |  4 PagesNational Socialism: The Loss of Individuality National Socialism in Germany between 1933 and 1945 offered no room for individuality. The unification of Germany and the purification of the Arian race did not allow for the citizens in Nazi Germany to have any singularity. The rise of National Socialism was due to many linked motivations, from the disgrace that the Germanys were feeling after their defeat in the First World War, to the racism against the Jews that plagued all of Europe. Read MoreHow did Hitler gain power in Germany by 1933?1205 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿How and why did Hitler gain power in Germany by 1933? Following the collapse of the Weimar government, Hitler managed to gain dictatorship over Germany by 1936. In fact it took Hitler just around 18 months, between February 1933 and August 1934, so how did Hitler gain autocracy over Germany so quickly? I am going to start with how the Germans had fear of Germany becoming a communist country like Russia. At the end of the war, many people hoped that democracy would spread to most countries ofRead MoreThe Rise Of Nazi Germany Was The Capstone Of The Inter-War1158 Words   |  5 Pages The rise of Nazi Germany was the capstone of the inter-war period, and led to the outbreak of World War II, shattering the tenuous peace. The Nazi regime s progress was paralleled by the life of its leader, Adolf Hitler. Born in a small town in Austria, Hitler dreamed of being an artist. Unable to demonstrate sufficient artistic skill for entrance into the art academy in Vienna, he did odd jobs and developed an interest in politics. In 1914, Hitler joined the German army, and earned the iron crossRead MoreHow Did Hitler Establish a Dictatorship in Germany from 30th January 1933 to August 1934?1365 Words   |  6 PagesHow Did Hitler Establish A Dictatorship In Germany From 30th January 1933 To August 1934? On The 30th of January 1933, President Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor. In the 18 months succeeding this, Hitler became, essentially, a dictator. This essay will look at what a dictatorship is and how it operates, how the population is brought to a point where they accept a dictatorship, and examine and analyze the vital events that took place in Germany which lead to Hitler assuming dictatorial

The Nature of Construction Problems Past and Present Free Essays

Abstraction: This paper aims at deducing a comprehensive apprehension refering to the different building troubles that have been faced in the yesteryear and are being faced now in the present besides. It provides a graphic analysis of why the jobs were faced, the nature of the jobs and how they were dealt with. It has been a long clip since the first origin of architectural thoughts that had crept into our ancestors’ heads. We will write a custom essay sample on The Nature of Construction Problems: Past and Present or any similar topic only for you Order Now Right from the Stone Age, adult male has really been into this act of building material for doing his life easy. At the really occasion of the Metal Age, he got a farther encouragement with the coming of new stuffs and building techniques. Furthermore, came the times when architecture was at its extremum. Everywhere in the universe there was ardor to build constructions that non merely made life comfy for adult male, but besides soothed his eyes. The classical orders of the Greeks packed the clout of functioning as better structural members along with being a ocular dainty. The Romans had been articulate in building an efficient system of H2O supply in the signifier of a series of arches together being called as aquaducts. It still stands as an illustration people look up to plan urban infinites. Egyptians were no less. They were meticulously building pyramids and mortuary graves that were manner beyond the human graduated table. They had designed the first signifiers of conveyer sy stems in edifice building. Similarly, India saw the building of a batch of architectural admirations. Right from the building of the massive rock constructions of the Ajanta-Ellora caves and the temples of Mahabalipuram to the Islamic constructions of Taj Mahal and the Humayun’s grave it had been a fantastic spring in the signifier of architectural advancement. Finally came the times of contentions about architecture when Gustav Eiffel proposed the building of an all metal construction now called the Eiffel tower. There was a batch of noise about the fact that how it would eventually look when it was constructed in Paris. Many people said that it might turn out to be a cicatrix on the face of the metropolis. But, now fortuitously it is known as the first thing that helps us place the metropolis of Paris. There have besides been contentions about Zaha Hadid’s designs. She is one of the innovator designers every bit far as the usage of fluidic signifiers is concerned. He r designs have about ever been at the helm of unfavorable judgment by the senior designers of her times. But, she has been articulate in put to deathing her ain designs. Similarly, in the recent times Frank O’ Gehry had faced a batch of challenges in conveying up his work called Bilbao museum. He has been criticised like snake pit up to the degree of being called the mad designer. Now as we come up to the fact of such advancement in the field of building, can we deny that there have been no troubles in the building of these age old constructions? No will be the reply. As we go back to the times when the massive rock constructions of the Kailasa temple was constructed, we get to cognize that no good engineering was available at that clip. However, they have managed to really do it possible to organize a monolithic temple out of a individual stone. Imagine that how the individual who started the building, really merely used a chisel and a cock to construct such a immense temple. It is said that he started from the top and maintain on cheating till the underside. It is apparent that this fantastic building must hold taken a long clip to come up. But, it has non been constructed by a individual sculpturer. Imagine the trouble in go throughing on the same cognition about the construction to so many craftsmans over the ages. There might hold been several alterations made to this temple construction during the building. This must hold made it even more hard for the sculpturers. Now raises the inquiry of pull offing the waste that was generated in this pr ocedure. How were all the cut out rocks used? Yes, they were used to do roads and for pety buildings. But wasn’t it truly hard to pull off these heavy multitudes? Yes, it must hold been boring. A similar construction had come up antecedently. The Konark temple in Bhubaneshwar, Orissa had a immense part in raising the architectural gustatory sensation of the people of the state. In this building, they used the method of building sand inclines as it was being constructed towards the top terminal. This had really ensured that the construction didn’t acquire decayed during the building procedure. However, this construction had made usage of a immense pole at the Centre in the signifier of a magnet that gave the monolithic rock construction all its strength. This had been acquired by the British during their reign in our state. But, subsequently on what it was used for cipher knows. Just conceive of how that immense magnet was made to stand merely by the usage of really bas ic tools. This speaks of the trouble in building constructions belonging to the typology of rock temples. Now, when the importance of Constantinople came into being, there was a sudden demand for the building of several public edifices. At that clip there was a immense recession in the field of building in Europe. There was a deficit of resources, financess, designers and even laborers. This thing gave rise to a new signifier of architecture. This signifier of architecture came to be known as Polymath Architecture. In this signifier of architecture the bing edifices were used to construct several other edifices. The Roman basilicas were used to construct the Basilican churches that formed the footing of Christianity. The columns of the condemned edifices were really truncated to acquire a unvarying size. As a consequence, the edifices were holding a size really near to the human graduated table. Explicitly or intentionally, this signifier of architecture happened to be more close to people. Even the foundations of several edifices were used to run into the demands of the times. The rotun da edifices were used to used to construct baptismal fonts when the inquiry of kid baptism came into being. These infinites required a sort of radiating edifice program in order to suit the needed activity. So, the inaccessibility of resources at that clip was addressed in such a manner. Now, when we come to building of edifices that are built with the on public money, the inquiry of minimal art comes into being. The use of minimal sum of resource and financess comes into being. Taking the illustration of a instance, when an designer is given undertaking of planing a public edifice, he has to do certain that he does non raise the cost of the edifice to the tallness of doing it impracticable. Presents, in instance of building of public edifices, the factor of stamp dads up. The individual coming up with the most disposed design within the least of cost frame normally gets the undertaking. Such a instance can be taken up when it comes to the Bilbao museum. It was designed by Frank O’ Gehry. He had gone through the unfavorable judgment of the full universe because of his design. His design was so complex that it made usage of aircraft design package. He had really gone to the point of overdriving resources. The frames of the edifice were made utilizing thick stee l subdivisions. A big bed of cloth was used to cover the edifice. Above this a bed of Ti sheets were used. Around twenty four 1000 square metres of such were used. As a consequence of this, he was criticised over the fact that a similar functionality and aesthetics was accomplishable with lesser usage of resources. But, he had paid no attentiveness to what the people said. He has a construct of a fish merely because he had memories of traveling to a fish market with his grandmother. This obscure justification brought about a batch of negotiations throughout the universe. Fortunately, the Ti monetary values had gone down at that point of clip. So, he had the privilege of non acquiring the undertaking cancelled. When residential undertakings are taken into consideration, there are several pety issues that come up. Fundss remain limited in most instances. There have been instances when building of a individual house has gone through a ceasework period of more than a twelvemonth merely due to the deficiency of financess. Other spiritual issues play a critical function in our state when it comes to building of abodes specially. Several people really back out when the designer is loath to listen to his specifications about how the edifice should be. Industrial edifices have challenges that are wholly different as compared to other edifices. They should hold the ability to really warrant all the authorities norms sing the minute points like waste coevals and hazard safety factors. They should hold particular anthropometric specifications but they should non utilize excessively much of infinite. So, as we come to reason this, we can really see that several issues are acquiring solved in this context. Several designers are coming up with advanced thoughts to really provide to the thoughts of the authorities and the environmental impact assessment organic structures to do a statement sing this affair. So allow us trust for a hassle free and green hereafter in front! ! ! Mentions: History Of Architecture by Sir Bannister Fletcher Construction Delaies: Extension Of clip and protraction claims by Roger Gibson How to cite The Nature of Construction Problems: Past and Present, Essay examples

Speech Sounds free essay sample

Speech Sounds is a fictional story written by an African-American science fiction author by the name of Octavia E. Butler. Octavia Butler received both the Hugo and Nebula awards for various works of hers. At a very young age Octavia was diagnosed with dyslexia and had acquired a slight speech impediment, which led to ongoing teasing and humiliation from her peers. She was often belittled and bullied by this and also affected by racism and sexism. Writing fictional stories was Butler’s self-therapy to foster her emotions based on the experiences in her own life. She was drawn to reading and writing science fiction stories to elude her boredom and loneliness. Speech Sounds is one of her many fictional pieces that she has written to help convey her emotions to an audience. In 1984, Octavia Butler was presented with the Hugo Award for her story Speech Sounds and also received a lifetime achievement award for her writing from the PEN American Center. We will write a custom essay sample on Speech Sounds or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In most of her works, Butler explored multiple social issues such as race, sexuality, gender, religion, and social class. The main characters of this short fiction are Rye and Obsidian. They get their names from the exchanging of gifts that each had to give as a symbol of friendship. Obsidian presented Rye with a necklace with a black, shiny, igneous rock to keep, while Rye presented Obsidian with a pen that appeared to resemble wheat. The two of them are placed in this walking dead society as superiors. The main focus in Speech Sounds is the interpretation of the Illness, lack of communication among people, and the resulting isolation. Speech Sounds is a story about a disease that causes an entire society to develop an â€Å"impairment. † In the short story, the character Rye refers to this impairment as â€Å"The illness. † The illness had taken away the ability for human beings to communicate with one another, loss of human intelligence, and sometimes resulting in death. In homeland security we would call a widespread sickness like this a pandemic1. According to Harshit Sinha of the Indian Institute of Management, â€Å"Such events can plunge a community, a nation, or the entire world into a state of chaos. Intrigues of politics, financial bungling, poor management, ineffective planning, and numerous other shortcomings simultaneously come to the forefront, aggravating already intricate problems. Rye states, The illness had played with them, taking away, she suspected, what each valued most. With the ability to communicate lost by the people of the world, people began to rely on their survival instincts. Law and order is eliminated in society. With the downfall of an economy society then leads to complete chaos and anarchy. People without any knowledge of how things were three to four years prior to the illness now would not know how to function in the world leaving every man to fend for himself. In the story, Butler’s character Rye describes this pandemic as â€Å"stroke-like in some of its effects. † â€Å"Language was always lost or severely impaired Often there was also paralysis, intellectual impairment, and death. † The symptoms of a person having or have had a stroke would be sudden trouble speaking, sudden confusion or trouble understanding simple statements, sudden problems with walking or balance, and loss of movement to parts of the body, particularly to one side. Butler states, She [Rye] had lost reading and writing skills. That was her most serious impairment and her most painful†. Could this illness that Butler refers to be a stroke or another disease called dementia? Dementia is strictly a term used to describe a decline in mental capacity. A person with dementia may experience the loss of reasoning, effective and clear communication, the ability to focus, and exhibit memory loss. The second most common type of dementia is vascular dementia, which occurs after a stroke. The Alzheimer’s disease accounts for approximately 60-80% of dementia cases. These cases are determined by a patient’s medical history, a series of lab tests, physical examination, and personality changes. Society today as we know it could very well run to ruins such as in the event of Chernobyl. On April 25, 1986 two Soviet radioactive reactors located in the Ukraine exploded from extreme pressures causing the release of fission and radioactivity into the atmosphere. This incident became a direct result of the Cold War isolation. The accident destroyed the Chernobyl 4 reactor killing 30 plant operators and firemen within three months and several further deaths later. Many people within reach of the toxic fumes given off by the plant suffered from cancer and other defects such as deformities and radiation burns. Speech Sounds has a parallel plot to Chernobyl and how things could be in the future. We could be pushed into a world of disease, death, and the destruction of all critical infrastructures. Butler’s work frequently explored the subject of life after apocalypse. Communication had been lost for years in Los Angeles and across the world leaving people to establish their own ways of communicating with movement and distorted sounds. â€Å"The loss of verbal language had spawned a whole new set of obscene gestures. † Body language became the new alphabet. The extinction of communication can lead to the extinction of the world in the future. Conflict and misunderstandings arise whenever the ability to communicate fails. For instance, Rye informs us that the fight on the bus more than likely started as a result of a misunderstanding rather than a disagreement. â€Å"She watched the two carefully, knowing that the fight would begin when†¦someone came to the end of his limited ability to communicate. † Butler mentions this idea of ‘superiority’. This was the idea that those who had certain abilities to communicate effectively were seen as superior to those who could not. When Rye had realized that Obsidian could read it upset her. â€Å"What did literacy mean to hima grown man who played cops and robbers? She felt sick to her stomach with hatred, frustration, and jealousy†. These feelings of hatred, frustration, and jealousy would not come up again until after Obsidian’s death. Rye realizes that these emotions are tools that can very well urge someone to kill all because they feel inferior to another person. â€Å"Had the woman died because she could talk and had taught her children to talk? Had she been killed by a husbands festering anger or by a stranger’s jealous rage? † These are the questions Rye begins to ask herself once she finds out that the two children can speak clear speech. Another theme in this story is isolation. Thomas Carlyle said, â€Å"Isolation is the sum total of wretchedness to a man. † It is a disease in and of itself. Isolation cripples a city or nation economically and socially. Rye mentions that she had not been touched by anyone for three years. She had been on her own ever since the illness had taken her family away from her. Isolation can then become an illness as well. People begin to compete against each other for food and resources while developing an extra sense of cautiousness and rage to others around. This is evident in history before China’s Open Door Policy. In 1976 China was largely closed to outsiders; the political struggles of the late Maoist years depressed economic growth and foreign trade. Isolation can take its toll on a person psychologically as well making someone feel depressed, angry, lonely, and on edge. For three years Rye had isolated herself from the rest of the living community. â€Å"She had found and lost the man so quickly. It was as though she had been snatched from comfort and security and given a sudden, inexplicable beating. † Rye and Obsidian almost immediately had a strong, passionate, attraction to one another. Throughout their short time together, it seemed to have grown rather quickly. Rye was anticipating spending an extended time with Obsidian. They practically went together hand and hand like a puzzle. Obsidian could read and write, and Rye could speak. He was there to protect her, and to protect other people who needed protecting, whether he was actually an LAPD officer or only playing. Being that LAPD officer is what kept Obsidian sane. It’s also what allowed Rye to let down her guard and trust someone. Both Obsidian and Rye had revealed their secrets to each other at this point, which made each of them find a sense of loyalty in the other. Rye could have taken her pistol and killed Obsidian after revealing her secret to him, but instead she trusted him. Now when she finally found that person she could trust and put her feelings into, the illness had stripped her once again of something that made living worthwhile. He [Obsidian] had died and left her—like everyone else. † The ending of Butler’s story brings a major twist that can be viewed as important. Just as Rye is placed in this tragic situation with the death of a woman, her murderer, and Obsidian, out runs two young children. Rye quickly gets up to leave because she knows that if she were to see those children cry it would make her vomit. But as she runs back to the car she realizes that she should try and bury at least Obsidian and the woman. These thoughts push her to go back for the two bodies. When it came time to take the woman’s body the little girl that was there shouts, â€Å"No! † Rye dropped the woman and looked at the little girl with surprise in her expression. â€Å"Go away†, she said. Just as she spoke, her brother reprimanded her and told her not to talk. Surprised, Rye could not believe that the two children had spoken so clearly and she could understand them. Rye spoke back to them and said, â€Å"It’s all right. † â€Å"You’re going with us, too. † This event gives the reader a sense of hope. It gives the reader hope that just maybe a new beginning can rise from this, or that there are more children or people out there who are considered to be superior. Also, for the story it gives hope for Rye and even for mankind.

Berkeley Academic Calendar 2017-2018 Essays

Berkeley Academic Calendar 2017-2018 Essays Berkeley Academic Calendar 2017-2018 Paper Berkeley Academic Calendar 2017-2018 Paper Essay Topic: Academic Fall Semester 2017 Event Date Fall Semester Begins Wednesday, August 16, 2017 Instruction Begins Wednesday, August 23, 2017 Academic Administrative Holiday (Labor Day) Monday, September 4, 2017 Academic Administrative Holiday (Veterans Day) Friday, November 10, 2017 Non-Instructional Day Wednesday, November 22, 2017 Academic Administrative Holiday (Thanksgiving) Thursday, November 23 Friday, November 24, 2017 Classes End Friday, December 1, 2017 Reading/Review/Recitation Week Monday, December 4–Friday, December 8, 2017 Last Day of Instruction Friday, December 8, 2017 Final Examinations Monday, December 11–Friday, December 15, 2017 Fall Semester Ends Friday, December 15, 2017 Winter Commencement Sunday, December 17, 2017 Academic Administrative Holidays (Winter Holidays) Monday, December 25 Tuesday, December 26, 2017 Academic Administrative Holiday (New Years) Friday, December 29, 2017 Monday, January 1, 2018 Spring Semester 2018 Event Date Spring Semester Begins Tuesday, January 9, 2018 Academic Administrative Holiday (Martin Luther King, Jr. Day) Monday, January 15, 2018 Instruction Begins Tuesday, January 16, 2018 Academic Administrative Holiday (Presidents Day) Monday, February 19, 2018 Spring Recess Monday, March 26–Friday, March 30, 2018 Academic Administrative Holiday (Cesar Chavez Day) Friday, March 30, 2018 Cal Day To Be Determined, http://calday.berkeley.edu/ Classes End Friday, April 27, 2018 Reading/Review/Recitation Week Monday, April 30–Friday, May 4, 2018 Last Day of Instruction Friday, May 4, 2018 Final Examinations Monday, May 7–Friday, May 11, 2018 Spring Semester Ends Friday, May 11, 2018 Commencement Saturday, May 12, 2018 Academic Administrative Holiday (Memorial Day) Monday, May 28, 2018 Summer Sessions 2018 Event Date Spring Semester Begins Tuesday, January 9, 2018 Academic Administrative Holiday (Martin Luther King, Jr. Day) Monday, January 15, 2018 Instruction Begins Tuesday, January 16, 2018 Academic Administrative Holiday (Presidents Day) Monday, February 19, 2018 Spring Recess Monday, March 26–Friday, March 30, 2018 Academic Administrative Holiday (Cesar Chavez Day) Friday, March 30, 2018 Cal Day To Be Determined, http://calday.berkeley.edu/ Classes End Friday, April 27, 2018 Reading/Review/Recitation Week Monday, April 30–Friday, May 4, 2018 Last Day of Instruction Friday, May 4, 2018 Final Examinations Monday, May 7–Friday, May 11, 2018 Spring Semester Ends Friday, May 11, 2018 Commencement Saturday, May 12, 2018 Academic Administrative Holiday (Memorial Day) Monday, May 28, 2018

Biography of Mary, Queen of Scots

Biography of Mary, Queen of Scots Mary, Queen of Scots (December 8, 1542–February 8, 1587), was the ruler of Scotland as well as a potential claimant to the throne of England. Her tragic life included two disastrous marriages, imprisonment, and eventual execution by her cousin, Queen Elizabeth I of England. Fast Facts: Mary, Queen of Scots Known For: Queen of Scotland and cousin to Queen Elizabeth I who eventually had Mary executedAlso Known As: Mary Stuart or Mary StewartBorn: December 8, 1542 in Linlithgow Palace, ScotlandParents: King James V and his French second wife, Mary of GuiseDied: February 8, 1587 in Fotheringhay Castle, EnglandEducation: Extensive private education including instruction in Latin, Greek, poetry and prose, horsemanship, needlework falconry, Spanish, Greek, and FrenchSpouse(s): Francis II, Dauphin of France, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, James Hepburn, 1st Duke of Orkney and 4th Earl of BothwellChildren: James VI of England (also James I of Scotland)Notable Quote: Marys last words are recorded as: â€Å"In manus tuas, Domine, commendo spiritum meum† (â€Å"Into thy hands, O Lord, I commend my spirit†) Early Life The mother of Mary, Queen of Scots, was Mary of Guise (Mary of Lorraine) and her father was James V of Scotland, each in their second marriage. Mary was born on December 8, 1542, and her father James died on December 14, so the infant Mary became queen of Scotland when she was just a week old. James Hamilton, Duke of Arran, was made regent for Mary, Queen of Scots, and he arranged a betrothal with Prince Edward, the son of Henry VIII of England. But Marys mother, Mary of Guise, was in favor of an alliance with France instead of England, and she worked to overturn this betrothal and instead arranged for Mary to be promised in marriage to Frances dauphin, Francis. The young Mary, Queen of Scots, only 5 years old, was sent to France in 1548 to be raised as the future queen of France. She married Francis in 1558, and in July 1559, when his father Henry II died, Francis II became king and Mary became queen consort of France. Marys Claim to the English Throne Mary, Queen of Scots, also known as Mary Stuart (she took the French spelling rather than the Scottish Stewart), was the granddaughter of Margaret Tudor; Margaret was the older sister of Henry VIII of England. In the view of many Catholics, the divorce of Henry VIII from his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, and his marriage to Anne Boleyn were invalid, and the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth, was therefore illegitimate. Mary, Queen of Scots, in their eyes, was the rightful heir of Mary I of England, Henry VIIIs daughter by his first wife. When Mary I died in 1558, Mary, Queen of Scots, and her husband Francis asserted their right to the English crown, but the English recognized Elizabeth as the heir. Elizabeth, a Protestant, supported the Protestant Reformation in Scotland as well as in England. Mary Stuarts time as queen of France was very short. When Francis died, his mother Catherine de Medici assumed the role of regent for his brother, Charles IX. Marys mothers family, the Guise relatives, had lost their power and influence, and so Mary Stuart returned to Scotland, where she could rule in her own right as queen. Mary in Scotland In 1560, Marys mother died, in the middle of a civil war she stirred up by attempting to suppress the Protestants, including John Knox. After the death of Mary of Guise, the Catholic and Protestant nobles of Scotland signed a treaty recognizing Elizabeths right to rule in England. But Mary Stuart, returning to Scotland, managed to avoid signing or endorsing either the treaty or recognition of her cousin Elizabeth. Mary, Queen of Scots, was herself a Catholic and insisted on her freedom to practice her religion. But she did not interfere with Protestantisms role in Scottish life. John Knox, a powerful Presbyterian during Marys rule, nevertheless denounced her power and influence. Marriage to Darnley Mary, Queen of Scots, held on to hopes of claiming the English throne which she considered hers by right. She turned down Elizabeths suggestion that she marry Lord Robert Dudley, Elizabeths favorite, and be recognized as Elizabeths heir. Instead, in 1565 she married her first cousin, Lord Darnley, in a Roman Catholic ceremony. Darnley, another grandson of Margaret Tudor and heir of another family with a claim to the Scottish throne, was in the Catholic perspective the next in line to Elizabeths throne after Mary Stuart herself. Many believed that Marys match with Darnley was impetuous and unwise. Lord James Stuart, the Earl of Moray, who was Marys half-brother (his mother was King James mistress), opposed Marys marriage to Darnley. Mary personally led troops in the chase-about raid, chasing Moray and his supporters to England, outlawing them and seizing their estates. Mary vs. Darnley While Mary, Queen of Scots, was at first charmed by Darnley, their relationship soon became strained. Already pregnant by Darnley, Mary, Queen of Scots, began to place trust and friendship in her Italian secretary, David Rizzio, who in turn treated Darnley and the other Scottish nobles with contempt. On March 9, 1566, Darnley and the nobles murdered Rizzio, planning that Darnley would put Mary Stuart in prison and rule in her place. But Mary outwitted the plotters: she convinced Darnley of her commitment to him, and together they escaped. James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell, who had supported her mother in her battles with the Scottish nobles, provided 2,000 soldiers, and Mary took Edinburgh from the rebels. Darnley tried to deny his role in the rebellion, but the others produced a paper that he had signed promising to restore Moray and his fellow exiles to their lands when the murder was complete. Three months after Rizzios murder, James, the son of Darnley and Mary Stuart, was born. Mary pardoned the exiles and allowed them to return to Scotland. Darnley, motivated by Marys split from him and by his expectations that the exiled nobles would hold his denial against him, threatened to create a scandal and leave Scotland. Mary, Queen of Scots, was apparently by this time in love with Bothwell. The Death of Darnley- and Another Marriage Mary Stuart explored ways to escape from her marriage. Bothwell and the nobles assured her that they would find a way for her to do so. Months later, on February 10, 1567, Darnley was staying at a house in Edinburgh, possibly recovering from smallpox. He awakened to an explosion and fire. The bodies of Darnley and his page were found in the garden of the house, strangled. The public blamed Bothwell for the death of Darnley. Bothwell faced charges at a private trial where no witnesses were called. He told others that Mary had agreed to marry him, and he got the other nobles to sign a paper asking her to do so. Immediate marriage, however, would violate any number of etiquette and legal rules. Bothwell was already married, and Mary would be expected to formally mourn her late husband Darnley for a few months at least. Before the official period of mourning was complete, Bothwell kidnapped Mary; many suspected that the event occurred with her cooperation. His wife divorced him for infidelity. Mary Stuart announced that, despite her kidnapping, she trusted Bothwells loyalty and would agree with the nobles who urged her to marry him. Under threat of being hanged, a minister published the banns, and Bothwell and Mary were married on Mary 15, 1567. Mary, Queen of Scots, subsequently attempted to give Bothwell more authority, but this was met with outrage. Letters (whose authenticity is questioned by some historians) were found tying Mary and Bothwell to Darnleys murder. Fleeing to England Mary abdicated the throne of Scotland, making her year-old son James VI, King of Scotland. Moray was appointed regent. Mary Stuart later repudiated the abdication and attempted to regain her power by force, but in May 1568, her forces were defeated. She was forced to flee to England, where she asked her cousin Elizabeth for vindication. Elizabeth deftly dealt with the charges against Mary and Moray: she found Mary not guilty of murder and Moray not guilty of treason. She recognized Morays regency, and she did not allow Mary Stuart to leave England. For nearly 20 years, Mary, Queen of Scots, remained in England, plotting to free herself, to assassinate Elizabeth, and to gain the crown with the help of an invading Spanish army. Three separate conspiracies were launched, discovered, and squelched. Death In 1586, Mary, Queen of Scots, was brought to trial on charges of treason in Fotheringay castle. She was found guilty and, three months later, Elizabeth signed the death warrant. Mary, Queen of Scots, was executed by beheading on February 8, 1587. Legacy The story of Mary, Queen of Scots, is still well known more than 400 years after her death. But while her life story is fascinating, her most significant legacy resulted from the birth of her son, James VI. James made it possible for the Stuart line to continue, and for Scotland, Ireland, and England to unite through the Union of the Crowns in 1603. Famous Quotes The best-known quotations from Mary, Queen of Scots, relate to her trial and execution. To those who stood in judgment of her relative to accusations of plotting against Elizabeth: Look to your consciences and remember that the theatre of the whole world is wider than the kingdom of England.To those executing her: I forgive you with all my heart, for now, I hope, you shall make an end of all my troubles.Last words, prior to beheading: In manus tuas, Domine, commendo spiritum meum (Into thy hands, O Lord, I commend my spirit). Sources Castelow, Ellen. Biography of Mary, Queen of Scots. Historic UK.Guy, John. Queen of Scots: The True Life of Mary Stuart. Houghton Mifflin: New York. April 2004.â€Å"Queens Regnant: Mary, Queen of Scots - In My End Is My Beginning.† History of Royal Women, 19 Mar. 2017

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